Under the liver, there is an organ on the right side of the abdomen, which is known as the gallbladder. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and dispense the fluid produced by the liver, which is known as bile. Sometimes, several stone-like objects form in the gallbladder and these are commonly known as gallstones. The size of the gallstones varies in different individuals and it can be small or big. The treatment of the gallstones will also depend on the symptoms of the person. Causes The exact cause of gallstones is not known till date, but according to different theories, there are several factors that may cause gallstones in the body and these factors are given below: If your liver produces more cholesterol in comparison to the cholesterol your bile can dissolve, then gallstones can be formed due to the excessive cholesterol in your bile. There is a chemical which is produced during the process of destruction of red blood cells by your liver and this chemical is known as bilirubin. When there is an excess of bilirubin in your gallbladder, there is a formation of gallstones. The vacating of bile is a natural and necessary procedure of the body.

An upper respiratory infection (URI) is a type of infection of the upper respiratory tract which includes nose, sinuses, bronchi, and throat. It also affects the muscular organ containing the vocal cords called larynx, the space above and behind the nose which is known as nasal passage or nostrils, and the cavity behind the nose and mouth which is known as the pharynx. The treatment is generally not so complicated unless a person has a chronic respiratory condition such as asthma. The causes of the disease are both virus and bacteria. Viruses like adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, etc., and bacteria, especially, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, gonorrhea, group C beta-hemolytic streptococci, diphtheria, etc., are some of the usual causes of upper respiratory infections. It is a contagious infection, as the droplets of saliva and mucus spray out into the air when a person sneezes or coughs and infect the other people who breathe them in. Risk factors Damage to the nasal cavity Not washing the hands frequently Contact with groups of children Busy places Having an autoimmune disorder Removal of tonsils, which is part of the immune system Weak immune system Spending time in the hospital During the fall and winter when people tend to stay indoors For an upper respiratory infection to occur, a virus enters the body through the mouth or nose.

Skin rash is an abnormal skin condition which is accompanied by other symptoms. These rashes can appear on any part of the body, and it can appear in various forms like pimples, scales, or itchy skin. Skin rash can be a consequence of one or more underlying conditions like infections, allergy, insect bites, medical conditions, and direct or indirect contact with an allergy trigger. Sometimes, people recover from skin rashes automatically, and at other times, they require medical attention. It is a common condition observed in all age groups, from children to seniors. It is essential to know about the common causes of skin rashes to avoid this condition and to treat it. Contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis is one of the most common causes of skin rashes. This type of rash appears when the skin comes in direct contact with an external substance that leads to an intense and adverse reaction like a rash. The rash may be itchy, red, swollen, bumpy, or inflamed. A few factors may lead to contact dermatitis: Beauty products, cosmetics, soaps, and laundry detergent Dyes used in clothing Formaldehyde resins, which are useful in making fabrics waterproof and resistant to wrinkles and shrinkage Products that contain latex and other chemicals Henna, tattoos, hair dye, perfume, and deodorant Touching or handling poisonous plants like poison sumac, poison ivy, or poison oak Medications Taking certain medications may also result in rashes due to:

A migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by frequent headaches. The intensity of these headaches may range from moderate to severe. Typically, the headaches affect half of the head, are pulsating in nature and may last for 2 to 72 hours. Migraines can be accompanied by symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, sound, or smell. Symptoms of a migraine Migraine is a neurological condition that can result in a distinct set of symptoms. It is frequently characterized by intense, debilitating headaches. The symptoms of migraine may start one to two days before the headache itself. This is known as the prodrome stage of a migraine. It can lead to the occurrence of several symptoms: Food cravings Depression Fatigue or low energy levels Frequent yawning, even if one is not sleepy Hyperactivity Irritability towards work Neck stiffness Migraine with aura Not all patients experience aura when they have a migraine. The aura usually occurs after the prodrome stage. During an aura, one may experience problems with their vision, sensation, movement, and conversation. It can also lead to the occurrence of other symptoms: Difficulty in speaking Feeling a prickling or tingling sensation in the body Temporarily vision loss or blurred vision Seeing shapes, light flashes, or colorful spots The next phase of a migraine is known as the attack phase.

Science and nature both are distinct concepts and equally important in our life. In an abstracted manner, these two concepts may seem contradictory to each other. But if detailed aspects of science and nature will show the correlation between two that supports the existence of each other. We, as human beings, have evolved and developed with the help of innovations, and technological changes. These choices for a comfortable life make us prefer science and technology over nature. Although virtually it looks like that, science can be actually applied for the preservation and conservation of nature in many ways. And this emphasizes the fact that science and nature are the two sides of a single coin, and we cannot select only one out of that for our comfort and survival. Herein, we discuss different scientific innovations that are useful for the conservation of nature and, consequently, the betterment of human beings. Facial recognition technology for fish Many branches of science include the study of natural life, living organisms, and their species. The study of different species of fish is not an exception for this. One of the technologies developed for sustainable fisheries management includes facial recognition technology for fish. Scientists have developed a system called fish face to organize, collect, and share information and data necessary for sustainable fisheries management.

About 10 to 15 percent of the population witnesses clinical depression once in their lifetime. Understanding depression is important as it affects mental health significantly. Having the right knowledge will enable you to help those around you who suffer from depression. It also helps you in being more aware of the condition and diagnosing it before it is too late. Below are the most common causes of depression that you need to know about. Genetics Whether or not you suffer from depression is directly linked with genetics. Researchers are not yet very sure about this risk factor. However, if your parents and siblings have depression then your chances of developing it can be high. Brain chemistry Because of imbalance in the neurotransmitters that are related to mood regulation, depression can be caused. When the neurotransmitters are not in the right supply then it might lead to clinical depression. Female hormones Research has stated that women are likely to suffer from depression than men. Hormones are the major reason behind the condition. Moreover, women are more likely to develop depression when they are in their reproductive years. They can also tend to feel moody and depressed during their menstrual cycles due to the fluctuating hormone levels.

The human body requires a regular intake of various vitamins and minerals to function smoothly. Your body breaks down the various foods you consume and reabsorbs the minerals and vitamins from these foods. Additionally, your skin is the largest organ and when you expose it to sunlight, your body starts synthesizing vitamin D. If for some reason, you are unable to consume food regularly or happen to be on a diet, you may end up developing a vitamin deficiency. It is essential to know about the signs of a vitamin deficiency to keep a check on this condition. Warning signs of vitamin deficiency Sickness: If you happen to get sick often, even from common pathogens such as influenza or cold, then it could be an indication that your body’s immune system is weak. Your cells may lack the ability to fight off various bacteria and pathogens, which is one of the reasons why you may be getting sick more often. Several studies have indicated that patients who suffer from vitamin deficiencies are more susceptible to various conditions including influenza and common cold. Fatigue and tiredness: If you find yourself fatigued often and for no reason, there’s a high chance that you lack the essential vitamins.

When the blood is pumped into the blood vessels by the heart, it exerts a pressure on the walls of the vessels. This pressure is referred to as blood pressure. The normal range of blood pressure is 120 over 80 mmHg. According to the WHO, recent decades have seen an unprecedented increase in the number of people with hypertension due to an increase in salt intake, primarily from processed foods. An individual could suffer from hypertension when their blood pressure is more than 130 over 80 mmHg. Chronic hypertension can lead to heart attack, kidney ailments, and stroke. As per an estimate by the CDC, approximately 75 million people in the country (around 1 in every 3 adults) suffer from hypertension. Types of hypertension Hypertension can develop due to stress, obesity, poor diet management, and smoking. Hypertension can be categorized into several categories such as the following: Essential or primary hypertension: An individual is diagnosed with essential hypertension when their blood pressure is found to be above normal for three or more checks and there is no other apparent cause of hypertension found. Some of the causes of essential hypertension include obesity, dietary factors, cigarettes, and genetic factors. Secondary hypertension:

Leukemia is often thought of as a children’s disease but the truth is that it affects adults more. It is more common in men than in women. There’s nothing much one could do to prevent leukemia. It is the cancer of blood cells caused by a rise in the number of white blood cells. The extra white blood cells actually don’t work quite right and rather cause problems. Leukemia cells cannot fight infection the way normal white blood cells would have, so they start affecting major organs. Types Leukemia can be grouped in two ways depending on: How fast it develops. Which type of blood cell is involved. Causes One cannot tell the exact cause of leukemia. People have certain abnormal chromosomes but the chromosomes do not cause leukemia. There are certain things in the environment which could definitely trigger the development of it. For example, if one is a tobacco smoker or a tobacco chewer, they may be more prone to certain types of leukemia than non-smokers. It is also related to the amount of radiation exposure and certain chemicals. There is also a possibility that some kinds of chemotherapy used to treat cancers and radiation exposure to certain chemicals can actually trigger this disease.

Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which the blood doesn’t clot normally because it lacks sufficient clotting factors. As a result, the patients of hemophilia experience prolonged bleeding in case of an injury, surgery, or when having a tooth pulled. In severe conditions of hemophilia, continuous bleeding occurs after minor trauma or even in the absence of an injury. Serious complications may lead to bleeding in joints, muscles, the brain, or the internal organs. Although it is an inherited disorder, unexpected changes occur in the genes sometimes, and a person might be affected by this disorder later in life. Types and causes of hemophilia Hemophilia A : This is the most common type of hemophilia, and it is caused by a deficiency of factor VIII. Eight out of ten people with hemophilia have hemophilia A. This disorder is genetic, and one can inherit it from their parents. It might also happen if a certain gene changes before another is born, which is known as a spontaneous mutation. This disorder is seen more in men than in women. Hemophilia A can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how little one has of factor VIII. Hemophilia B : It is also called Christmas disease and is caused by a deficiency of factor IX.